Internet Concept Unit 1

UNIT – 1

THE  EVOLUTION  OF  INERNET

Introduction:- Internet iwjs fo”o esa QSyk gqvk Computers dk ,d ,slk Network gS] ftlesa fofHkUu Computers ,d nqljs ls ,d Common Protocol dk use djds Communicate djrs gSA ;fn gekjs ikl Internet Connection gS rks ge fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij nqfu;k Hkj esa QSys Computers ls Information dk vknku & iznku dj ldrs gSA 

Evolution: - Internet dks 1969 esa Advance Research Project Agency (ARPA) us cuk;k FkkA ckn eas ARPA dk uke DARPA (Department of Advance Research Project Agency) j[kk x;kA T;ksa² Internet dh vko”;drk c<rh xbZ R;ksa² Internet ds fodkl eas Hkh ifjorZu gksrs x;s vkSj Internet dk use lSfud o 'kS{kf.kd Networks esa fd;k tkus yxkA

Internet dk eryc ;g gS fd de ls de nks Computers dks vkil esa bl izdkj fdlh Ekk/;e ls ,d nwljs ls tksMk tkrk gS rkfd ,d Computer nwljs Computer ls ladsrks ds :i eas vkxzg dj lds rFkk nwljk Computer Busy gksus dh fLFkfr esa Hkh vkxzg dks Lohdkj dj tcko nsA Computers vc ,d nwljs dh Language (Protocol) dks le>dj Data dk vknku iznku djus yxrs gSA

o"kZ 1990 ds vkxeu ds lkFk gh lSfud {kS= us Hkh lapkj ek/;ekas ds vU; lk/kukas dks NksMdj iwjh rjg Internet dks viuk fy;kA igys Internet ij Messages dsoy Text ds :i eas fn;s tk ldrs Fks] ysfdu Windows dh “kq:vkr us Graphics ds egRo dks c<k fn;k vkSj vc Messages esa Graphics dk use HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) ds ek/;e ls lEHko gks ldkA bl izdkj Internet ds :i esa ,d fo”kky lapkj ra= dk tUe gqvkA ftls www (World Wide Web) ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxkA

Internet ,d rjg dk Network of Networks gS tks fd nks ;k vf/kd Networks dk lewg gks ldrk gS ;s Networks% &

1.      Physical :i ls vkil eas Connect gks ldrs gS

2.      Data vknku & iznku dj ldrs gS

3.      Single Network ds :i esa Hkh Work dj ldrs gS

What is Special About Internet

Internet lLrk o Fast gS rFkk ;g% &

1.      Get Information

2.      Provide Information

3.      Compile Information

1.      Getting Information on Internet: - ge Internet ls Connect gksdj Information dks www (World Wide Web) dh lgk;rk ls izkIr dj ldrs gSA

2.      Provide Information on the Internet: -

     (1) Web Publishing: - bleas Text, Articles, Reports, Computer Programs Hkstrs gSA

     (2) Extension:- Printer media.

3.   Compile Information from the Internet: - ;g Internet dk ,d Special case gS ftlds vUnj gethering Information vkrh gSA

What can I do by using Internet

1.      Visit Websites

2.      Send & Recive E-mails

3.      Read and Post Articles in Newsgroup

4.      Download files/ Data

5.      Chat with other user

6.      Play games

7.      Access online Multimedia including Radio and video Broadcast

8.      Searching for information

9.      Join Contests

10.  Online shopping

11. Create own website

12. E-mail reminder Service

13. Findout person details

14. Send cards or gifts to other

Internet Protocols

Protocol: - Protocols, Software ds set of rules gksrs gS ftldh lgk;rk ls fdlh file/Data  dks mlds format ds vk/kkj ij open fd;k tkrk gSA

Main Internet Protocols: -

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol):- ;g okLro eas Connection of Protocol Rules gksrs gS tks fd Data dks ,d Machine ls nwljh Machine ij Hkstus ls cuk gksrk gSA blds fuEufyf[kr Hkkx gS &

(1) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): - ;g lcls egRoiw.kZ Internet Protocol gSA ;g nks computers ds e/; relation LFkkfir dj Data Transmit djrk gSA T;knkrj Internet programs blh protocol dk use djrs gSA bl Protocol ds iz;ksx ls data [kks tkus dk Mj ugha jgrk gSA ;g ,d connection oriented protocol gSA ;g data dks Packets ds :i eas rksMrk gS rFkk fQj bu datas dks Reassemble Hkh djrk gSA ;g IP ds lkFk feydj TCP/IP protocol cukrk gSA

(2) IP (Internet Protocol): - ;g fuEufyf[kr dk;Z djrk gS A

     (a)  Creating Packets and Addressing the Data

     (b) Network Packets dks Read djds mUgas forward djrk gS vkSj Destination
          ij Hkstrk gSA

     (c) IP ;g Hkh fuf”pr djrk gS fd fdrus data ,d Packet ds vUnj Hkstus gSA budk
   lEcU/k vkil eas ,d rjg ls Postal System dh rjg gksrk gSA

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): - FTP Hkh TCP/ IP Protocol dk gh ,d Part gSA ;g Protocol Hkh Data dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer dss chp Transfer djus dk dke djrk gSA FTP Protocol ,d Powerful Tool gSA

FTP protocol Client–Server method ij dk;Z djrk gSA Client Program dh lgk;rk ls User, Server ls Interact djrk gS rFkk Server ls Information o Services dks Access djrk gSA Client }kjk tc fdlh File dks use eas fy;k tkrk gS rks Server Interface allow djrk gS fd user ml file dks Locate rFkk Transfer djs ;k ughaA FTP ds Basic steps&

(1)  Connect to FTP Server

(2)  File dk structure rS;kj djuk tks fd ge pkgrs gSA

(3)  Transfer the File

FTP user dks information dks access djus ds fy, permission nsrk gS blds fy;s fdlh Hkh  Account ;k Password dh vko”;drk ugha gksrhA ;g E-mail okyk gh Login name rFkk Password use esa ysrk gSA FTP dh facilities &

(1)  ShareWare: - ;s Softwares Trial Period rd free gksrs gS vkSj ckn esa Payment djuk iMrk gSA

(2)  Freeware: - ,sls Softwares Completely free gksrs gSA eg – Font, Clipart etc

(3)  UpGrades and Patches: - Current Software dks upgrade djus ;k mudh Problems dks fix djus ds dke vkrs gSA

(4)  Documents: - e.g. Research Paper and Internet Document

FTP server ij files ges”kk compress jgrh gSA Compressed File dh size de gksrh gSA Compress file de le; esa fuf”pr LFkku ij igWqp tkrh gSA Decompression ds fy;s  Software gksrk gS tks fd Compressed files dks Decompress djrk gSA Files dks Transfer djus ls igys virus dh Hkh tkWp dj ysuh pkfg;sA

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol):- ;g Software dk Set of Rules gS tks fd Hypertext dks ,d Computer ls nqljs Computers ds chp Transfer djrk gSA Hypertext special codings use esa ysrk gS ftls HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) dgrs gSA

Hypertext ds }kjk Text ,d Structure ds :i eas fy[kk tkrk gS ;g tfVy rFkk Øejfgr web ds :i esa lfEefyr gksus ds dkj.k Hypertext dgykrk gSA HTML Code Links dks create djrk gS ;s links Text rFkk Graphics nksukas ds gh gks ldrs gSA T;kas gh ge link ij click djrs gS rks nwljk Resource (such as HTML document) open gks tkrk gS ftlds vUnj dksbZ Hkh File/Data gksrk gSA tc HTTP allow djrk gS rc Client ml requst dks Server ds ikl Hkstrk gSA vc Server ml request dks response nsrk gSA HTTP ml Information dks Resources rd iWgqpkrk gS vkSj Server dks lkjh lqpuk nsrk gSA

lkekU;r% Hyperlink Blue colored Underlined gksrs gSA tc ge Mouse pointer dks move djds Hyperlink ij ysdj vkrs gS rc Mouse Pointer change gks tkrk gSA HTTP nqljs Protocols tSls fd FTP,SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), NNTP(Network News Transfer Protocol), WAIS (Wide Area Information Service), Gopher etc dh Hkh Facilities provide djrk gSA

Telnet: - ;g Telecommunication Network (Telnet) Protocol ,d Computer ls nqljs Computer dkss Connect djrk gS vkSj ;g Remote Login Process ij dk;Z djrk gSA blesa ,d user Computer gksrk gS ftls Remote Computer dgrs gSA Telenet Hkh Client Server Principle ij dk;Z djrk gSA blesa Local computer telnet Program ls connection rFkk data dks display djrk gSA Server user ls Request accept djds Required Information dks local computer dks Hkstrk gSA

Telnet Hkh user dks internet dks access djus dh permissions nsrk gSA fofHkUu rjg ds resources Telnet ij miyC?k gksrs gSA tSlsfd& Library Catalog, Database, Different Internet Tools (FTP, Gopher, www)

Gopher: - Gopher protocol Hkh set of rules gS tks fd Searching, retrieval rFkk Document Display ds fy;s Remote Site Internet ds fy;s use eas fy;k tkrk gSA tc dHkh document ds vUnj addition ;k mls show djrs gS vFkok document dks retrieve djrs gS rc ;g lEHko gS fd on-line connection fdlh nqljs system ds lkFk gksxkA ;g Hkh Client- Server principle ij vk/kkfjr gS ftleas user Client software dks local machine ij pykrs gS rFkk viuk Interface remote vFkkZr server ij nsrs gSA

Gopher dh lgk;rk ls information dks cgqr ls computer ij ;k internet ij store dj ldrs gS os Computers Gopher Server dgykrs gSA blds fy;s Mac, Unix, PC or Larger Computers dk use Gopher Server ds #i esa djrs gSA Gopher Server files, directories, search database bR;kfn ugha j[krkA og flQZ nwljs Server ds Resources j[krk gS rFkk dksbZ Information Search ;k retrieve djuh gks rks mldh lwpuk j[krk gSA tc dHkh Hkh ge Gopher Client Application dks gekjs Computer esa Run djrs gS rc Turbo Gopher dh ,d Client Application Hkh run gksrh gSA Gopher ,d rjg dk Software gksrk gS ftldk use dqN Services rFkk Internet ij fd;k tkrk gSA

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): - Eletronic mail ,d egRoiw.kZ Internet Service gSA TCP / IP ifjokj dk ;g Protocol Internet ij Electronic Mail dks Transfer djus eas lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA blds vfrfjDr blds fuEu dk;Z gS &

¼1½ Message dks ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd izkIrdrkZvkas dks HkstukA

¼2½ ,sls Message Hkstuk tks fd vkokt] Text, Video ;k Graphics Image dks j[krs gSA

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): - ;g FTP dh rqyuk eas ,d lk/kkj.k Protocol gSA ;g FTP ds leku xq.k Hkh Represent ugha djrk gSA ;g ,d lk/kkj.k Protocol gS tks ,d System ls nqljs System ij Files transfer djrk gSA bldh ,dek= fo”ks"krk ;g gS fd blds vUnj fdlh Client Process o Server Process ds chp files dks Hkstus dh ;ksX;rk gSA

UDP (User Datagram Protocol): - ;g ,d Connection jfgr Protocol gS vFkkZr ;g nks Computers ds chp dksbZ Relation LFkkfir ugha djrk gS] vr% Data ds vius Destination ij igaWqpus ls igys [kks tkus dk Mj jgrk gSA

WAIS (Wide Area Information Service): - WAIS dks ge ways Hkh dgrs gSA ;g Internet Search tool gS tks fd 2&39&50 ij vk/kkfjr gS A 2&39&50 Standard Protocol gSA WAIS ,d Client Program gS tks fd User Computer dks Connect djds Server ls Submit djrk gS rFkk Sending data dks Receive djds mlds according responce nsrk gSA WAIS esa ;g Capability gksrh gS fd og ,d lkFk ,d ls vf/kd Databases dks Search dj ldrk gSA tc Search gqvk Database Client Interface dh enn ls Type gks tkrk gS rFkk User database dks Select/Choose djds iwjh Database search dj ldrk gSA ;g WAIS Client Software ij depend djrk gS fd fdruk Matter pkfg;sA tc WAIS Search djrk gS rc og Search Database vius vki esa iw.kZ ugha gksrk gS blds fy;s Index dh t:jr gksrh gS Index dh lgk;rk ls Database dks Search fd;k tk ldrk gSA

 

Internet Concepts

Internet: - ;g Inter-Network dk laf{kIr :i gksrk gS tks fd fofHkUu rjg ds Computer Networks dks vkil eas Connect djrk gS vkSj Dafa Transfer ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer eas Protocol dh enn ls djrk gSA ;s Networks TCP/IP Protocol dk use djrs gSA ;g Protocol ewy :i ls DARPA ds Part FksA ;g Networks of Networks gSA

Internet Service: - Internet Service HTTP dks NksM dj fdlh Hkh lwpuk Transfer djus okys Protocol }kjk nh tkrh gSA lqpukvkas dk vknku&iznku rFkk Information ckaVus okyh Services, Telnet o Gopher gSA

Internet Name Resolution: - Internet ;k Internet }kjk fdlh Hkh site ij igaqWpus ds fy;s ;g vko”;d gksrk gS fd ml Computer dk ,d unique IP Address gks tks Network ij ml System dks igpku ldsA ;g Address, numbers dh ,d string ds :i eas gksrk gS tks fd vkil esa dot (.) }kjk foHkkftr gksrh gSA Number okyk Address ;kn j[kuk difficult gS] blfy;s Text Name ;k Friendly Name fn;k x;k gSSA tSls% & www.microsoft.com

IP Address nks izdkj dk gksrk gS &

(i)   Static – System Administrator izR;sd Computer dk IP Address flQZ ,d fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

(ii) Dynamic – bleas Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), IP Addresses dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA

Internet v/s Intranet

Internet, Network of Networks gS tks fd lEiw.kZ world dks vkil esa tksMrk gSA blh izdkj Intranet fdlh Organization/ Company dk vkarfjd Network gS tks fd Internet Standards dk use djrk gSA Intranet Internet Softwares o Protocols dk use djrk gS ysfdu ges”kk Internet ls Connection ugha j[krk gSA eq[;r;k Intranet Internet tecnology ij vk/kkfjr gS fQj Hkh bues dqN fuEu vUrj gS &

1.      Internet iwjs fo”o esa QSyk gqvk Computer Network gS ftlesa LAN o WAN “kkfey gSA tcfd Intranet, Computer Network gS ftls flQZ LAN (Local Area Network) ls gh tksMk tk ldrk gSA

2.      Internet connection ds fy;s ISP dh vko”;drk gksrh gS tcfd Intranet ds fy;s ugha gksrh gSA

3.      Internet eas Modem dh vko”;drk gksrh gS tcfd Intranet eas ugh gksrh gSA

4.      Internet dh lhek whole world gS tcfd Intranet dh lhek ,d Organization ;k city rd gSA

5.      Internet eas website dh Security cgqr vf/kd gksrh gS tcfd Intranet eas ugh gksrh gSA

6.      Internet dh Free websites dks dksbZ Hkh Access dj ldrk gS tcfd Intranet ls tqMk O;fDr gh Intranet dh sites dks Access dj ldrk gSA

7.      Intranet Mail Server Information dk use Personal Newsgroup cukus eas fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd Internet Mail Server o Information dk use lkoZtfud Newsgroup cukus eas fd;k tkrk gSA

Growth of Internet (History of Internet)

1969: - Internet dk tUe] Department of Defence (DOD) }kjk ARPANET dh Networking eas
            Research djus dk fo”ks"kkf/kdkj fn;k x;kA

1971: - yksxkas }kjk Network ij lUns”k Hkstuk (E-Mail dk vkfo"dkj)

1972: - Easy Computers Connectivity (Telenet dk vkfo"dkj)

1973: - Global Networking ¼Gateway dk vkfo"dkj) & FTP dk use fd;k tkus yxkA

1974: - Telenet – ARPANET dk ,d Commercial Version [kksyk x;kA ;g igyh Public
            Data Service FkhA

1976: - AT&T Bell us UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol) dks fodflr fd;k rFkk Linux ds
        lkFk QSyk;k x;kA

1977: - E-mail dk fodklA

1979: - News Group dk tUeA UUCP dk Use djds usenet dk vkfo"dkjA

1982: - European Academic and Research Network (EARN) dh LFkkiukA

1984: - Domain Name server (DNS) izkjEHk fd;kA

1987: - Internet ds O;kolk;hdj.k dk tUeA

1988: - Internet Relay Chat (IRC) dk fodklA

1990: - ARPANet ds vfLrRo [kReA Internet Dialup Access lsok izFke ckj Online miyC/k gqbZA

1991: - Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) cukA www ij fn[kkus okyh lwpukvksa ds
             Index dh :ijs[kk cuhA fge cuZj us World Wide Web (www) fodflr fd;k ftls
             CERN (Central European Research Network) us tkjh fd;kA

1992: - Multimedia of Internet dk :i cnykA Internet Surfing dh 'kq:vkrA

1993: - Netscape dk fodklA NSF }kjk Internet lsok iznku djus ds fy;s interNIC cuk;k x;kA

1996: - Launching of Microsoft Windows 95 with Internet Explorer (Browser)

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

Internet Service Provider (ISP) ,slh Company gS tks user dks Internet Services dh Facility Provide djokrh gS vFkkZr~ ISP fdlh user dks Internet Account o E-mail Account iznku djrk gSA ;g User dks mlds Host ISP Server ij dqN Memory (Disk Space) Hkh Available djkrk gSA user ls ISP NEP (Network Entry Point) ;k POP (Post Office Protocol) ds ek/;e ls Connect gksrk gSA

Some Famous Internet Service Provider: - VSNL(Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited), MTNL ¼egkuxj VsyhQksu fuxe fyfeVsM½, Data Infosys, BSNL ¼Hkkjr lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM½, Satyam Online

ISP Choose djus ds fy;s fuEu ckrkas dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s &

(i)          ISP dk Phone Number

(ii)    Software: - cgqr ls ISP Software CD iznku djrs gSA

(iii)   Speed: - cgqr ls ISP ds ikl Local Access No. gksrs gS tks 28.8 Kbps, 56 Kbps Modem ds lkFk Work djrs gSA

Connect to ISP

Internet Service Provider ls tqMus ds fy;s gesa Phone line rFkk Modem dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA Computer dks ISP ls Connect djus ds fy;s Internet Connection Wizard dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA

(i)          Interface: - Internet ls tqMs izR;sd Computer dk Interface vyx² gks ldrk gSA tSls: - Graphical, Menu Driven Interface

(ii)       Security: - blds vUrxZr ;g ns[kk tkrk gS fd ISP fdlh User dh Information dks dSlh Security Provide djkrk gSA

(iii)     Storage Capacity: - ISP izR;sd user dks ,d Fixed Limit rd lwpuk dks Store djus dh facility nsrk gSA

(iv)     Technical Support

Internet Connectivity

;fn gesa Internet ls connect gksuk gS rks loZizFke gesa ISP ls Login name o Password ysus gkasxsA vc Internet ls tqMus ds fy;s Phone line dks Modem ls tksM nsaxsA blds ckn  Browser (Internet Explorer) dks Open djds Internet ls Connect gksus ds fy;s iznf”kZr Dialog Box  ls Connect Button ij Click djsaxsA ,slk djrs gh Internet ls Connect gksus dk Process start gks tkrk gS vkSj Computer dks ISP Server ls tksMus dk iz;kl djrk gSA Connect gks tkus ij gesa Login name o Password nsus gksaxsA Internet Explorer start gksrs gh lcls igys ftls web site dks [kksyrk gS og Host site dgykrh gSA

Dial-up Networking

Dialup Networking Program Windows 95/98/NT ds lkFk “kkfey vkrk gSA blds ek/;e ls ge Number Dial djds Local Exchange lss Connect gksrs gSA Dialup Networking dk use SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) rFkk PPP (Point to Point Protocol or Peer to Peer Protocol) ds lkFk dj ldrs gSA Dailup Connection lLrk rFkk Performance vPNh gksrh gSA

Types of Dialup Connection

(i)    Online Account                    (ii) Dialup IP link

Dialup IP link lkekU;r;k Particular Protocols gksrs gS tks fd SLIP rFkk PPP ij Run gksrs gSA

Dialup Online Account

Online Account Host (Server) Computer dk gksrk gS tks Internet ls Connected gksrs gSA Host Computer Character based Terminal gksrs gS tks fd Communication ds le; Terminal Emulation Software dke esa ysrs gSA tc dHkh ge Host Computer dks Dial djrs gS rc geas  Login & Password nsuk iMrk gSA

Online Account esa Full Internet Connecitivity gksrh gSA ijUrq bldh dqN Limitations gS & ;fn ge Online Account j[krs gS rc gekjk Computer Telephone line rFkk Modem ls Connected gksuk t#jh gSA cgqr ls ISP Internet Access Provider gksrs gS ftudks pykus ds fy;s UNIX, Gopher, FTP, Telnet, www bR;kfn Host/ Server ij available gksrs gSA Online dh limitation ;g Hkh gS fd ;g Data dks two type steps ls ykrk gS igys Data dks Remote Computer ls Host Machine ij download djrk gS vkSj fQj ogkaW ls Local Machine ds ikl data v

rk gSA

Steps to Install Dailup Networking

Control Pannel eas Add/Remove Programs esa ls Windows Setup dks open djds Commucnication dks choose djds Details ij Click djsaxsA vc Dialup Networking ds lkeus fLFkr Check box dks check djsaxsA bl izdkj gesa Dialup Network fey tk,xkA

Leased line/ Dedicated line - ;g Parmanent Internet Connection line gksrh gSA ;g Direct rFkk High speed (256 Kbps - 45 Mbps) Permanent Connection gksrk gSA ;g ,d ,slh Service gS tks fd Computer dks gj le; Internet ls Connect j[krh gSA ;g Connection Telephone Network eas Switches ds }kjk LFkkfir gksrk gSA blls Internet ls Unlimited information ys ldrs gSA ;s Multi User Hkh gks ldrs gSA Leased line generally LAN ls attach gksrh gS rFkk Telephone line ls link gksrh gSA tks user bl Service dks Subscribe djrk gS mls ,slk eglwl gksrk gS fd mlds fy;s ,d Connection Line mlh ds dk;Z ds fy;s Dedicated gS D;ksfd Switch ges”kk cUn jgrs gSA vr% Connection djus ds fy;s Dialing dh vko”;drk ugha iMrh gSA Telephone line dh speed 9.6 Kbps & 45 Mbps rd gksrh gSA

VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)

Satellite lapkj dh nqfu;k eas ;g ,d u;k fodkl gSA ;g de dher ds Micro Stations gksrs gS tks VSAT dgykrs gSA bu Small Terminals eas ,d ehVj dk Antena vkSj ,d Watt dh Power supply gksrh gSA Uplink lk/kkj.k;k 19.2 Kbps gksrk gSA T;knkrj VSAT System ds Micro Station eas bruh Power ugha gksrh gS fd os lh/ks ,d nqljs ls Sattelite }kjk ckr dj ldsA blds ctk; ,d Special ground Station, ftls Hub dgrs gS] dh ,d High Gain Antena ds lkFk VSATs ds chp Traffic Hkstus esa vko”;drk gksrh gSA bl Method eas ;k rks Send djus okys ds ikl ;k Receiver ds ikl Powerful Amplifier vkSj Big Antena gksuk t#jh gSA VSAT izk;% fuEu rhu fof/k;kas }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS &

(i)     Point to Point: - ;g ,d ;k nks VSATs dks tksMus okyh Two way Communication (nksuks vksj ls lwpuk dk vknku&iznku) Network Process gSA

(ii)    Star Network: - Master Earth Station (MES) Hub vkSj VSAT, tks fd fofHkUu Remote locations ij fLFkr gksrs gS] ds chp Multi Point Communication iznku djrk gSA

(iii)  Mesh Network: - blds }kjk cgqr lkjs VSATs, tks fd Network ij fofHkUu locations ij   fLFkr gS] ds e/; lh/kk lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gSA

URL (Uniform Resource Locater)

URL fdlh Hkh Website dks Identify (igpku) djus esa enn djrk gSA ftl rjg ls lalkj eas izR;sd O;fDr dk viuk Identification gksrk gS mlh rjg ls lkjh Websites dk Hkh Unique Address gksrk gS] ftls URL dgrss gSA tc dHkh gesa fdlh Website dks Search ;k Visit djuh gksrk gS rks gesas mldk URL Browser ds Address Bar esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA

URL dh lgk;rk ls ge Resources dks Call ldrs gSA URL Letters, Numbers, Punctions marks dk cuk gksrk gSA bldh lgk;rk ls ge Address Bar eas 25 Addresses store dj ldrs gSA URL Read like sentence gksrs gS tks fd E-mail Address ds simialar gksrs gSA URL dks pkj Hkkxkas esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS &

(i)          Method      (ii)  Host Computer       (iii)  Port         (iv)  Path

Domain Name

Computer dks Internet ls Connect djus ds fy;s mldh igpku Domain Name cukrk gSA Internet ls tqMs izR;sd Computer dk ,d Domain name gksrk gSA okLro eas ;g Computer dk Address gksrk gS ftls Domain Name System (DNS) dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh nks Organizations dk Domain Name Same ugha gks ldrk gSA Domain Name nks Components ls feydj cuk gksrk gS ftUgsa Dot (.) ls Separate djrs gSA Domain Name System (DNS) ,slk System gS tks IP Addresses dh tkudkjh j[krk gSA Domain name dks eq[;r;k rhu Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS &

1.  Generic Domain: - ;s Domain Three characters Domain Label j[krs gSA Example

com        Commercial

edu         Educational

net          Network

org         Organization (Non Profit group)

gov         Government

mil         Military (US only)

int          Internation Organization

2.  Country Domain: - ;s Domain two Characters Domain label j[krs gSA tks fd fofHkUu ns”kksa dks O;Dr djrsA

au        Australia

ge        Germani

jp         Japan

fr         France

ca        Canada

in         India

us        US

3.  Inverse Domain: - ;g Domain IP Address dks Domain Name esa Map djrk gSA izR;sd Domain name Numeric IP Address ls Correspondence djrk gSA IP Address 4 Nos. dk gksrk gS tks fd 0 - 255 rd gksrk gS rFkk IP names vkil esa Dot ls Seperated gksrs gSA Internet IP Address dks use djds Data dks send djrk gSA tSls gh ge www ls tqM dj Domain name type djrs gS rks ge Web Server rFkk IP Address ds }kjk ml network ls connect gks tkrs gSA

DNS izR;sd IP Address dh Matching djrk gS rFkk IP Address ges”kk unique gksrk gSA DNS Database dk collection gksrk gS tks fd IP Address ds Coresponding gksrk gSA DNS Server, Domain name dks IP Address esa Transfer djrs gSA

Domain Name Portal

Name Resolution System: - Windows dh Networking NetBIOS ds Renewal Process ij Hkjkslk djrh gSA TCP/ IP DNS naming process ij Hkjkslk djrh gSA Windows esa Domain name Host name gksrk gSA Computers ds name dh IP Address ij Mapping nks izdkj ls gksrh gSA

(i)    Static        (ii)  Dynamic

(i)    Static: - System Administrator Hosts ;k LmHost  uke dh Text file cukrk gSA ftlesa izR;sd Computer dk uke vkSj Related IP Address fy[kk gksrk gSA tc fdlh Computer dks Connect fd;k tkrk gS rks bl file dk use djds mlds Name & IP Address dks fuf”pr fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii)  Dynamic: - tc fdlh Client dk Computer Network ij login djrk gS rks DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) Server dks IP Address Hkstrk gSA bl IP Address dks Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) Server dks nsrk gS vkSj tc NetBIOS Computer name dh dksbZ Request vkrh gS rks WINS bl name dks gVkdj mldk lgh Address crk nsrk gSA ;s Lor% igpkuus okys rFkk Computer name vkSj Address dh Mapping dk system tYnh² cnyus okys Network ij Administrative dk cks> ljy djrk gSA

Internet Name Resolution: - Internet ij Domain Name System (DNS) dk use website ds Text name dks gVk dj mlds LFkku ij IP Address nsuk gSA DNS name InterNIC }kjk Record fd;s tkrs gSA InterNIC name o Address dh ns[kjs[k djrh gS InterNIC ds ikl ,d Distributed database gksrk gS ftlesa lHkh Domain names gksrs gSA tc dkssbZ Client Computer fdlh website ls Connect gksuk pkgrk gS rks mlds Domain name dh Request dks (DNS) dks Hkst nsrh gSA

Domain Name Server lkjs fo”o esa gtkjksa Organizations esa fLFkr gSA DNS pkgs x;s Domain name dk IP Address nsrk gS vkSj client dh Request dks mfpr website rd Hkst nsrk gSA

Applications of Internet

Internet dk mi;ksx fuEu dk;ksaZ ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS &

(i)                Services & Employment lEcU/kh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy;s

(ii)       fdlh Hkh fons”kh Language dks lh[kus ds fy;s

(iii)           World ds fdlh Hkh Hkkx esa Friend cukus ds fy;s

(iv)           fdlh izfr;ksfxrk, Examination esa Hkkx ysus ds fy;s

(v)             vius fdlh Friend dks Electronic Birthday Card Hkstus ds fy;s

(vi)           vius euilan fQYeh flrkjksa ds Photographs ns[kus ds fy;s

(vii)        Computer {kS= ds ckjs esa ubZ&ubZ tkudkfj;akW izkIr djus ds fy;s

(viii)      fdlh Electronic Zoo ;k laxzgky; esa ?kqeus ds fy;s

(ix)           dqN t:jh Softwares Download djus ds fy;s

(x)              viuk Home page rS;kj djus ds fy;s

(xi)           Chatting ds }kjk vius Friend ls ckrphr djus ds fy;s

(xii)         Bussiness djuk etc.

Electronioc-mail

E-mail ,d ,slk mailing System gS ftlesa ,d Computer user fdlh vU; Computer user dks message ,oa information Hkst ldrk gSA bu Informations ds Tramission ds fy;s Communication Network dk use gksrk gSA E-mail user dks vuqefr nsrk gS fd og www ij dqN Hkh search dj ldrk gS rFkk dSlk Hkh Message Exchange dj ldrk gSA izR;sd E-mail user ds ikl mail box Address gksrk gS ftldh lgk;rk ls mail send/Receive djrs gSA ;s messages E-mail ds through fn;s x;s Address ij dqN gh Seconds eas igaqp tkrs gSA ge E-mail Create djus, Read djus o Send djus ds fy;s Mail Program dk use djrs gSA E-mail dks use djus ds fy;s fofHkUu Softwares use esa fy;s tkrs gSA

E-mail Concepts: - E-mail System ds }kjk user nwljs user rd messages Hkst ldrk gSA E-mail Send djus ds fy;s gesa Message fy[kuk, Store djuk rFkk izkIr djus okys dks Message Receive djuk o Download djuk vkuk pkfg;sA

E-mail Client Server Environment esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds fy;s geas Windows ij dk;Z djus okyk Software pkfg;s rFkk ,d E-mail Post Office Program pkfg;sA bu nksukas ds fcuk E-mail dk use laHko ugha gSA

How E-mail Works: - ,d user E-mail message Internet ds ek/;e ls Hkstrk gSA ;g Message izkIrdrkZ ds Email box esa store gks tkrk gSA Mail box ls Message dks dHkh Hkh izkIrdrkZ }kjk izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj user fdlh dks E-mail Hkst ldrk gSA dqN E-mail system Multimedia facility Hkh provide djokrs gSA E-mail djus ds Steps &

(i)          E-mail Program dks start djukA

(ii)       To esa Receiver Address Type djukA

(iii)     Message type djukA

(iv)     Message send djukA

E-mail Address: - Mail Box ds vUnj Address fy[kk tkrk gSA izR;sd E-mail Account ,d E-mail Address gksrk gSA E-mail Address Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa gksrs gSA

(i)    User ID                   (ii)  Domain name

(i)    User ID: - User ID dk use login djus esa vkrk gS tks fd Internet Provide djokrk gSA

(ii) Domain Name: - Domain name, Internet name Provide djus ds fy;s use eas ysrs gSA User ID rFkk Domain name dks @ ls Separated fd;k tkrk gSA tSls :- ishwar@rediffmail.com

tc dHkh ge E-mail Access djrs gS rks fuEu E-mail Protocols use esa vkrs gS &

(i) SMTP                    (ii) POP

Finding Some one’s E-mail Address:- ;fn ge fdlh other user dj E-mail Address tkuuk pkgrs gS rks mlds fy;s gesa dqN steps fuEu izdkj ls viukus gksrs gS &

1.      ftl O;fDr dk Internet Address irk djuk gks mls lh/ks ;k fy[kdj iwNuk A

2.      ml O;fDr dk E-mail Address mlds Biodata ;k Business card ls izkIr djukA

3.      Return Address, Return Path ls E-mail Address izkIr djukA

4.      Automated Service ls E-mail Address Kkr djukA

Main Parts of E-mail: - fdlh E-mail ds fuEu rhu eq[; Hkkx gksrs gS &

(i)          Header: - Header fdlh E-mail dk og Hkkx gksrk gS tks geas E-mail ds fofHkUu fudk; ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA izR;sd Header dk ,d fuf”pr uke o fuf”pr mns”; gksrk gSA tSls : -

Return Path - E-mail dks Reply nsus okyk Address

Date - E-mail Receiving date

From - Sender Address

To - E-mail Receiver Address

Subject – Subject of E-mail

(ii)    Message Body: - ;g fdlh E-mail dk og Part gS tks Email dk Message j[krk gSA

(iii)  Signature: - ;g E-mail Hkstus okys O;fDr ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsrk gSA lkekU;r;k blesa O;fDr dk viuk uke] irk] Qksu ua-] QsDl ua- bR;kfn fLFkr gksrs gSA

Working with E-mail: -

(i)          Running the Mail Program.

(ii)       Enter Login name and Password

(iii)     Read incoming Mails from Inbox

(iv)     Send any message from Outbox

(v)        Reply Mail

(vi)     Delete Mail and send it to Deleted Items.

(vii)   Exit Mail Program.

Basic steps of Sending & Receiving E-mail Message

E-mail ds rhu parts gksrs gSA

(i)          Receiver Address: - ftl O;fDr dks E-mail Hkstk tkuk gS mldk Address Receiver Address esa fy[kk tkrk gSA

(ii)       Subject line of Message: - E-mail dk Subject fy[kk tkrk gSA

(iii)  E-mail Message fy[kus ds fy;s Message Box izkIr gksrk gSA

mijksDr lHkh fy[kus ds ckn Send buttom ij click djus ls Mail receiver ds ikl pyh tk;sxh rFkk gesa ,d Message “Your Mail Has Been Send” feysxkA ge vius E-mail ds lkFk dksbZ Hkh file Attach djds Hkh Send dj ldrs gSA

Receiving E-mail: - tc dksbZ user Internet ij dke djrk gS rks loZizFke og vius mail box esa vkbZ Mails dks check djrk gSA lkekU;r;k New Mails ds lkFk lwpd gksrs gS tks ;g n”kkZrs gS fd ;g Mail ubZ gSA blds fy, mldh Subject line Bold eas gks tkrh gS ;k fQj Bullet ;k Check mark New message ds vkxs yxk gksrk gSA fdlh message ds contents dks ns[kus ds fy;s bls Highlight djds Enter key press djrs gS ;k ml ij Double click djrs gSA

Replying E-mail: - fdlh E-mail dk tokc nsuk fdlh Hkh dks E-mail Hkstuk gh gksrk gSA blds fy;s Hkh Sending mesaage okyh process viukuh gksrh gSA

Deleting Mail: - fdlh mail dks Mailbox ls delete Hkh dj ldrs gSA blds fy;s bl Mail dks Highlight (Select) djds Delete key press djsaxsA vf/kdrj Mailbox Delete dh x;h mails dks Trash Mailbox esa Mky nsrs gSA ;s ml Trash Mailbox eas rc rd jgrh gS tc rd ge bUgas Trash Mailbox ls gVk ugha nsrs gS ;k Program ls ckgj ugha fudky nsrs gSA

Exiting/ Quitting from E-mail Program: - fdlh E-mail program ls ckgj fudyus ds fy;s File menu eas ls Exit option dks choose djsaxsA

Merits/ Advantages of E-mail: -

1.      Speed :- E-mail ds ek/;e ls ge fdlh Hkh O;fDr ls cgqr tYnh Communicate dj ldrs gSA

2.      E-mail ,d lLrk rjhdk gS ;g nwjh ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA

3.      E-mail ls letters/messages ds lkFk² files, photos etc. other documents dks Hkh send dj ldrs gSA

4.      Free lsok,sa miyC/k djkrh gSA

5.      Permanent Address j[krk gSA

6.      geas E-mail izkIr djus okys ls dksbZ Appointment ugha ysuk iMrk gSA

7.      E-mail Message ds [kks tkus dk Mj Hkh ugh gksrk gSA

8.      E-mail izIr djus okyk O;fDr Hkh vojks/k eglwl ugh djrk D;ksfd E-mail mlds  Computer ds Message box es store gksrk gSA

Demerits/ Limitations of E-mail

1.      E-mail ,d Computer system ls nwljs Computer system rd fdlh Network ds ek/;e ls Hksth tkrh gSA vr% fdlh vU; O;fDr dh E-mail i<us dh laHkkouk c< tkrh gSA

2.      Sender ds E-mail dk forge (udyh) E-mail address cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

3.      dksbZ Hkh Receiver E-mail dks jksd ugha ldrkA vr% dbZ ckj vupkgh E-mails Hkh izkIr djus ds fy;s Receiver viuk dkQh le; mu E-mail dks NkaVus esa yxk nsrk gSA

4.      ;fn Computer system ftlls message send dj jgs gS] cUn gS ;k dqN vU; dk;ksZ esa O;Lr gS rks E-mail message igaqpus esa nsjh gks tkrh gSA

5.      Remote site ij E-mail Timeliness deliver ugha gks ikrh gS ;k xyr Address ds dkj.k Email izkIr ugha gks ikrh gSA

POP (Post Office Protocol) and Web Based E-mail

fofHkUu websites }kjk miyC/k E-mail Services Web and POP (Post Office Protocol) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA POP ds ek/;e ls Server ds }kjk btktr nsus ij ge viuk E-mail Server ls destination Address rd igWaqpkrs gS ;k vius Computer System ij Mail izkIr djrs gSA POP og Protocol gS tks fd E-mail dks Download o Upload djus ds dke vkrk gSA

E-mail lsok lcls igys Hotmail us 'kq: dh FkhA vkt Hotmail fo”o dh lcls cMh E-mail lsok nsus okyh daiuh gSA dqN vU; Web based E-mail sites Address - www.yahoo.com, www.rediffmail.com, www.sify.com, www.netaddress.com, www.indiatimes.com

E-mail Protocols

E-mail ds fy, fuEu Protocols use fd;s tkrs gS &

(i)          SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): - E-mail dk Main Protocol gSA bl Protocol dh lgk;rk ls gh E-mail dks Transfer vFkkZr~ Send o Receive fd;k tkrk gSA ;g TCP/ IP ifjokj dk Protocol gSA SMTP Protocol E-mail Server ij Internet Provide djokrk gSA ;g Generally Domain Names dks Provide djokrk gSA

(ii)       POP (Post Office Protocol): - ;g Program E-mail dks Read djus ds dke vkrk gS vFkkZr~ E-mail dks Download ;k Upload djus ds dke vkrk gSA ;g Mail Server ij vkus okyh lkjh Mails dks Handle djrk gSA POP Server vkus okyh Mails dks lqjf{kr j[krk gSA POP dh lgk;rk ls izR;sd Client, Server ls viuh E-mails dks izkIr djrk gSA

bl izdkj eq[;r% SMTP o POP E-mail Protocol gS ijUrq blds vfrfjDr TCP/IP ifjokj dk izR;sd Protocol Mail Server esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA tSls – TCP, IP, UDP, UUCP, FTP, Telnet etc.

How to Create E-mail Address

E-mail Account Create djus ds Steps&

(i)          Internet Connection

(ii)       Click Dialup-Network

(iii)     Make a New Connection

(iv)     Connection Name

(v)        Made Connection

Step-2: -

(i)          Click Web Browser

(ii)       In address Bar, Write www------------------

(iii)     Open/Edit Home page---------------------

(iv)     Click Sign up Bottom

(v)        Display form

(vi)     Fill all options

(vii)   Register yourself

Mailing list: - Mailing list ds }kjk ,d E-mail dks cgqr ls yksxks ds ikl ,d lkFk Hkstk tk ldrk gSA ;fn ge Hkh Message dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gS rks ml List es Lo;a dks tksM nsaxsA tc ge fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks Message Hkstrs gS rks ge mldk Address O;Dr djrs gSA ;fn ge ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa dks E-mail Hkstuk pkgrs gS rks gesa lcds E-mail Adresses type djus iMsaxsA

Mailing list usenet ls fHkUu gksrh gSA Mailing list ds lkFk vPNh ckr ;g gS fd ge viuh ilUn dh Mail list dks pqu ldrs gSA fdlh Mailing list dsk use djus ls igys fuEu nks ckrksa dks le>uk vko”;d gS &

(i)   gesa Internet Mailing system dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A

(ii)  fdlh Internet Address dks Read o le>uk vkuk pkfg;sA

Computer ;g Mailing list lnL;kas dh list ls izkIr djrk gSA fdlh nwljs dks E-mail Send djus ls igys Mailing list dks ,d fuf”pr address nsuk gksrk gSA tc ge bl address ij message Hkstrs gS rks ;g Message Lor% gh List eas ukekafdr lHkh O;fDr;ks ds address ij iWgqp tkrk gSA blh izdkj ;fn fdlh Message dk tokc ns jgs gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ge Mail list ds lHkh O;fDr;ksa dks Mail Hkst jgs gSA

How Mailing List is being Administered

Mailing list dk eq[; dk;Z List esa uke fy[ks O;fDr;ksa ds ckjs eas tkudkjh j[kuk gSA Mailing list esaa fdlh Request dks Mkyuk] Subscribe djuk dgykrk gSA fdlh List eas ls tkudkjh dks gVkuk Unsubscribe djuk dgykrk gSA

fdlh Mailing list dks Manage djus ds fy;s nks rjhds dke esa yk, tkrs gSA lkekU;r% fdlh list dks fdlh Program }kjk O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA Subscribe djus ds fy;s geas fdlh Special Address ij lans”k Hkstuk gksrk gS vc bl Address ls vkbZ Mails Lor% gh List Administration Program }kjk fdz;kfUor gks tkrh gSA lkekU;r;k Mailing list lkoZtfud ;k futh gksrh gSA dqN Mailing list fuEu gS &

(i)          ListServ: - bls eq[;r;k IBM ds Mainframe ds Computer ij fdz;kfUor djus ds fy;s cuk;k x;k gSA ;g Program mailing list dks Manage djrk gSA bldk iwjk uke List Server gSA

(ii)       ListProc: - tc Internet iz.kkyh yksdfiz; gks xbZ rks yksxks us E-mail ds ek/;e ls fopkj&foe'kZ djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA vf/kdrj yksxkas us viuh [kqn dh List cukus dh bPNk tkfgj dhA ijUrq ListServ Program dsoy Mainframe ij gh py ldrk FkkA bl deh dks nwj djus ds fy;s ListServ ds dbZ Versions vkSj ListProc (List Processer) cuk, x,A

(iii)     Major Dome: - bls Brent Chapman us fodflr fd;kA ;g Hkh Mailing list eas vkus okyh lkjh Requests dks Lor% Handle djrk gSA izR;sd Mailing list eas nks izdkj ds addresses gksrs gSA

1. Administrative Address: - bldk use Mailing List ds lkFk Communicate djus ds fy;s djrs gSA

2. Information Communication Address: - bldk use List dks message Hkstus esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Finding Mailing list: - Internet ij Mailing list dh la[;k yk[kkas eas gSA izfrfnu ubZ Mailing List blesa tqM tkrh gS vkSj dqN gV tkrh gSA ;fn ge Internet ij List dh miyC/krk ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkgsa rks ge fofHkUu L=ksrks ds ek/;e ls bu Mailing Lists dh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrs gSA bl tkudkjh ;k lkjka”k dks List of Lists dgrs gSA

(i)          PAML (Publically Accessible Mailing list)

(ii)       Internet List of list

(iii)     ListServ Mailing list

(iv)     Mailing List search Engine

Data Transmission Protocol: - Data Transmission Protocol os Protocols gS tks Internet ;k Network ij Files, Information o Other Messages dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer ij lEiw.kZ :i ls Transfer djus ds fy;s mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSA Data Transmission Protocol eas fuEu Protocols eq[; gS&

1.  FTP (File Transfer Protocol): - FTP TCP/ IP dk gh ,d Hkkx gSA ;g Protocol software dk Set of rules gksrk gSA ;g Client Server Principle ij vk/kkfjr gSA tc Client FTP Program ds }kjk User Server ls Intract djrk gS rFkk FTP Server ls information, services etc. dks Access djrk gS rc File Transfer gksdj Client Computer eas Save gks tkrh gSA tc bl File dks use eas fy;k tkrk gS rc Client Program dks use eas fy;k tkrk gSA FTP Protocol Binary rFkk Text files dk vknku iznku djrk gSA FTP ds Basic step fuEu gS &

(1)  Connect to FTP Server

(2) File dk Structure rS;kj djuk

(3) Transfer the file

Information: - FTP user dks Information dks Access djus dh Permission nsrk gSA blds fy;s Special Account rFkk Password dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh gSA ;g Password rFkk Login name E-mail okyk gh use esa ysrk gSA FTP dh Policy bl izdkj gS &

1.      Shareware: - ;s software Trial Period rd free gksrs gS ijUrq ckn eas mudks Payment djuk iMrk gSA

2.      Freeware: - ,sls software Completely free gksrs gSA example – Font, ClipArt

3.      Upgrades & Patches: - Current Software dks upgarde djus ;k mldh Problems dks  Fix djus ds dke vkrs gSA

4.      Document: - FTP Server ij files ges”kk Compressed jgrh gSA Compression ls file dh size de gks tkrh gSA Compressed file esa cgqr lkjh Files Store jgrh gS ijUrq Server mu Files dks cgqr de le; esa gh fuf”pr LFkku ij igWaqpk nsrk gSA blds fy;s Software gksrk gS tks fd file dks Decompress djrk gSA

2.  TCP / IP (Transmission Control protocol / Internet Protocol): - TCP/ IP Protocol okLro eas collection of protocol rules gS tks fd Data dks ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer ij Network ds }kjk Hkstrk gSA TCP/ IP Protocol Hkh nks Components ls cuk gS &

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): - TCP Data dks Packets ds :i rksMrk gS rFkk mudks Destination rd igaqpkrk gS vkSj Data dks Reassemble Hkh djrk gSA

IP (Internet Protocol): - IP Protocol fuEu dk;Z djrk gSA

1.      Envelops & Address the Data

2.      Network Envelops dks Read djds mUgas Forword djrk gS rFkk mUgsa Destination ij Send djrk gSA

3.      IP ;g Hkh fuf”pr djrk gS fd fdrus Data ,d Envelops ds vUnj Send djus gSA

4.      budk lEcU/k vkil esa ,d Postal System dh rjg gksrk gS A

3.  UDP (User Datagram Protocol): - ;g User Processing ds fy;s Connectionless Protocol gSA UDP Protocol fdlh Hkh izdkj dh Gaurantee iznku ugha djrk fd gekjs }kjk Hkstk x;k Data lgh Destination rd igqapsxk ;k ugha tcfd TCP Protocol ;g xkjUVh iznku djrk gSA

4.  ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol ): - bl Protocol dk dk;Z Gateway rFkk User ds chp vkus okyh xyrh (Errors) dks laHkkyuk gS rFkk muds chp Information ds Interface dks control djuk gSA ICMP messages IP datagrams ds }kjk Hksts tkrs gS tks fd TCP/ IP Network }kjk fn;s tkrs gS u fd User ds }kjkA

5.  TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) :- ;g Protocol FTP ls ljy gSA ;g Protocol Client rFkk Server Processes ds chp Files ds vknku iznku ds fy;s use eas fy;k tkrk gSA ;g Protocol FTP dh rjg User Authentication Directory dh lwph ns[kus ds ckn Facilities provide djokrk gSA TFTP Protocol bruk ljy gksrk gS fd bldh lgk;rk ls fdlh Hkh Workstation dks LAN eas vklkuh ls tksMk tk ldrk gSA

6.  Telnet: - ;g Protocol Remote Login dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ;g Client System ij user dks ,slh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gS ftlds ek/;e ls user Remote System ij Login dj ldrk gSA tc ,d ckj Login gks tkrk gS rc user ds }kjk Hksth x;h Request ;k Data, User Process }kjk Server process rd igaqWprk gSA ;g Program Hkh FTP dh rjg TCP Protocol dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

7.  SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): - SMTP protocol nks Systems ds chp Mails ds vknku iznku ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g TCP connection dk use djds nks Systems ds chp Mails dk vknku iznku djrk gSA

8.  RIP (Routing Information Protocol): - bl Protocol dk dk;Z ml Routing Database dks cuk, j[kuk gS tks fd Host ls Packets ds :i esa nqljs Host rd Hksts tk;saxsA RIP dk dk;Z mu lHkh Packets ds iFk ds ckjs ea Hkhs tkudkjh j[kuk gksrk gS tks ,d Host ls Host rd Hksth tkrh gSA

8.  SPP (Sequenced Packet Protocol): - ;g Protocol User Process ds fy,s Connection Oriented Protocol gS rFkk ;g bl ckr dh xkjUVh iznku djrk gS fd vkidk Datagram lgh lyker vius Address rd igWaqp tk;sxkA ;g Protocol Data dks Buffer stream esa Hkstrk gS rFkk Message Boundary tSlh Facility Provide djrk gSA

9.  PEP (Packet Exchange Protocol): - ;g Protocol User process ds fy;s connectionless Protocol gS ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj dh xkjUVh iznku ugha djrk gS fd gekjs }kjk Hkstk x;k Datagram lgh lyker Destination rd igWaqpsxk ;k ughA ;g Protocol Reliable ugha gSA ;g dsoy Transmission dk dk;Z djrk gS] Duplicate Data vkus ij mls [kkstus eas vleFkZ gksrk gSA

10.  UUCP (Unix to Unix Copy Protocol): - UUCP Protocol dbZ Programs dk ,d Set gS ftldk dk;Z Files dks Copy djuk rFkk Commands dks nwljs System ij Run djuk gSSA bl Protocol dk igyk version 7 Unix Fkk tks fd Telephone Line }kjk Dialup Network ij dk;Z djrk FkkA UUCP Program rc dke vkrk gS tc ,d File dks ,d System ls nwljs System ij Copy djkuk gksrk gSA

Client/ Server Architecture & its Characterstics

Client Server Model (Archiecture) ,sls okrkoj.k ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k x;k gS tgkW ij Computers dh vf/kdrk gksA Archiecture Term, Hardware, Software ;k nksukas ds lekos”k ls lEcfU/kr gSA System dk Architecture foLr`r :i ls xgjh :ijs[kk dks Li"V djrk gS rFkk blds Bhd rjg ls dk;Z djus dks Hkh Li"V djrk gSA ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &

(i)  Open Architecture         (ii)  Closed Architeclure

(i)    Open Architecture: - blesa System dks vklkuh ls Device ls connect dj ldrs gS rFkk blds fy;s Program manufacturer cukrk gSA Open Architecture off the Self Computer dk iz;ksx djrk gS tks bldh xq.kork dks fodflr djrk gSA

(ii) Closed Architecture: - blesa tks bldks cukrk gS mlds vykok fdlh System dks Connect djuk cgqr eqf”dy gksrk gSA

Definition of Client: - vkn'kZ :i esa Client ,d Application gS tks fd Personal Computer ;k Workstation ij Run gksrh gS rFkk ;g Server dks Operations ds fy;s Request djrk gSA Ex.- E-mail client ,d Application gS tks fd E-mail Send / Receive djus eas dke vkrh gSA

Definition of Server: - ;g Main Computer gksrk gS tks fd Devices, Network Resources o Files dk Management djrk gSA Server izk;% lefiZr gksrk gS bldk eryc gS fd Server ogh dk;Z djrs gS ftuds fy;s mls cuk;k x;k gS] blds vykok dksbZ vU; dk;Z ugha djrkA tSls :- File Store Server dsoy Files dks gh Store djrk gS og Printer ec Devices dk Management ugha djsxkA Server ij izk;% Multiprocessing Operating System Load gksrs gSA tks fd ,d le; esa ,d ls vf/kd dk;Z dj ldrs gSA tc ,d Server ,d ls vf/kd Clients dks lfoZl miyC/k djokrk gS rks ;g lEcU/k Many-to-One relation dgykrk gSA

Peer To Peer Architecture: - ;g ,d izdkj dk Network gS ftleas lHkh workstation dh lkeF;Z rFkk mrjnkf;Ro leku gksrk gSA ;g Client/ Server Architecture ls vyx gksrs gSA ftlesa ,d gh Computer lHkh Computers dks lsok;sa iznku djrk gSA Peer to Peer Network ljy gksrs gS ysfdu Hkkjh ncko ij lkekU;r% leku lkeF;Z ds lkFk dk;Z ugha dj ikrsA

Two-Tier Archiecture: - Client/ Server Architecture ftueas fd user Interface Client ij Run gksrk gS rFkk Database Server ij Store gksrk gSA okLrfod Application logic ;k rks Client ij ;k Server ij Run gksrh gSA

Advantages of Client / Server Architecture

1.  Security: - Distribution Computing eas lHkh rjQ ls vusd Security Provider gksrs gSA tks fd Client dks izekf.kr gksus rFkk Data transfer ls Data dks cpkrk gSA Internet eas lqjf{kr Protocol dh t#jr gksrh gSA Secure Socket rFkk HTTP fuEu Security Methods dk iz;ksx djrh gSA ;g Security ds fy;s vyx Encription eas fdlh Hkh Message dks Encript ;k Code djds Transmit djrk gS rFkk Destination ij iqu% Decript ;k Decode dj ysrk gSA blls vxj Transmission ds le; Message dks pqjkus dh dksf”k”k dh tkrh gS rks Message le> eas gh ugha vk;sxkA bl izdkj Message dh Security dh tkrh gSA

2.  Data Transfer: - tc Server ij Data dh Processing execute gksrh gS rc user dks Double Data Transfer dk;Z djus dh vko”;drk gksrh gS] ,d Data User ds lkFk rks nwljk Server ij gksrk gSA yxkrkj Data Transfer eas de ls de nqxus le; dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA Client, Server Hardware ls ,d gh le; eas dbZ Datas dh ekax dj ldrs gS blls MkVk vknku iznku esa nsjh gks ldrh gSA

tc vko”;d Logic (Application Program) Client ds ikl Data processing ds fy;s miyc/k gksrk gS rks dsoy ,d ckj Server ls Data Transfer dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA izR;sd Application dk;Z Client application ds }kjk gksrk gS rc Server ij de ncko iSnk gksrk gSA

3.  Software Maintenance: - Server Site Processing system dk izLrko djus okykas us tYnh fl) dj fn;k fd Software ns[kHkky ewY; ,d vge eqn~nk gSA tc Data Processing Logics Client Applicatioin eas jgrh gS rks lHkh Client Applications dk updation, Denting dgykrk gSA blesa User Interface rFkk Data Interations Components dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA Software dk uploading Data de ncko dk gksrk gS] Client esa cnykoksa ds fy;s vko”;d gS fd dsoy Central System (Server) ij cnyko dj fn;k tk, rkfd ;fn Client }kjk data Update gksus i'pkr~ tc Hkh user (Client) Server ls tqMsxk rks Latest Data gh Download gksxkA Distributed Object Model dk use djds Software j[k&j[kko de dj ldrs gSA

4.  Remote Access to Engineering Data: - Central Data Storage vf/kdrj Engineering Forms dh uhao gSA Engineering Projects esa Design vkSj vko”;d vfHkys[k ds vkUrfjd fgLls Hkh lfEefyr gS rFkk ;g bldh lqjf{kr iwath gSA Remote Transmission vf/kdrj txgksa ij dke djus okys Engineers, Bsdsnkjks vkSj vU; 'kgjks esa Client ds fy;s vko”;d gSA bl leL;k dk lek/kku Model Server Publicer gS ftleas nksukas FAT vkSj THIN Clients dh lfU/k dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA

5.  Document Management: - Three-Tier Architecture, Network Database Server dk mi;ksx djus ds lkFk Document Management System dks Document Storage Solution Projectwise Workgroup eas izLrwr djrk gSA Microstation eas tqMs gq, vfHkys[kkas dks Central Database eas tksMrs gS vkSj os Word Processor o SpreadSheet Software dk mi;ksx dj cuk, tkrs gSA Database Server rFkk Projectwise Application ds e/; Transmission rFkk Storage Processing dk;ksZ dks ckaWV fn;k tkrk gSA

Characteristics :-

1- fdlh computer Network dk iw.kZ:i ls use

2. Client Server Model present Resources dk optimum (iw.kZ:i) use djuk lqfuf”pr djrk gSA

3. Client Server model Quelle system use esa ysrk gSA

4- bldh lgk;rk ls Client Server ij mifLFkr lHkh Resources dk use dj ldrs gSA

5. Networking dh nks rduhdsa LAN o WAN Client Server Model ij vk/kkfjr gSA

6. Internet Hkh Client Server Model ij vk/kkfjr gSA

FTP & its Usages

Information ;k Data dks File ds :i esa Store j[kk tkrk gSA Internet ij ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer ij Files dks Send djus ;k Copy djus dh Service FTP dgykrh gS vFkkZr~ File Transfer Protocol }kjk Internet ij nks Computers ds e/; Files Transfer djus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Computer ij FTP dk use djus ds fy,s Computer ij ,d Account (Login Name) dk gksuk t#jh gSA FTP Internet ij vU; Computer ls User dks Files Download djrs gSA dqN lkekU; FTP Public Sites ij ls Softwares dks Hkh izkIr dj ldrs gSA

Public FTP sites ges”kk E-mail LoginName & Password dsk dke eas ysrh gSA ge vU; Computer ls Files dk vknku&iznku ugha dj ldrsA ge flQZ mUgha Computers ls Files Access dj ldrs gS tks FTP Server dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSA Internet ij vusd FTP Sites/ Servers miyC/k gSA FTP Site list Downloading ds fy;s dqN Compression Technique dk Kku gksuk vko”;d gSA Compression esa Files dh Size de gks tkrh gS rFkk Download rsth ls gksrk gSA Download gksus ds ckn Compressed File dks Software dh lgk;rk ls Uncompressed fd;k tkrk gSA dqN famous Compression software gS & Pkzip, Sit, Binlex etc

Advantage of FTP: -

(i) fo”o esa dgha ls Hkh Data Files rFkk Programs dks vklkuh ls rFkk rsth ls Hkstk o izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA

(ii) Without name FTP ds lkFk ge vklkuh ls Free vkSj Shareware Softwares etc., Computer System ds fy;s izkIr dj ldrs gSA

How do you use FTP: - Web Browser ds }kjk lh/ks FTP dks use djuk lcls vklku rjhdk gSA tc ge Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer ;k vU; fdlh Browser dk use djrs gS rks FTP dk lEcU/k vU; fdlh Web House dh rjg yxrk gS tgak cgqr lkjs Free Shareware Software packages without name FTP ls link jgrs gSA

(1)  Mac, PC vkSj Linux software general Web Page ij jgrs gS ge vusd oxksZ esa Software dks search dj ldrs gSA

(2)  Mac, PC vkSj Linux software lkekU; FTP link ij jgrs gS ,d Public Directory rFkk Sub Directory dks ns[krk gS tks Hierarchy Method esa gksrh gSA blesa ls Browser ,d File dks pqurs gSA

(3)  ge Graphical FTP Client dks Hkh use dj ldrs gS tks fd T;knk vklku vkSj ewy:i ls Pointer Grab gSA Graphical FTP Client dk Web Browser ij ;g ykHk gS fd FTP file dks Remote Computer ls yk;k tk ldrk gSA Ex - Microsoft Windows ds FTP client dks WSFTP dgrs gSA

Using FTP: - Window ;k Macintosh ij vk/kkfjr FTP softwares lkekU;rk Graphical Interface dks izLrqr djrs gSA Local Files & Directories ,d txg ij vkSj Remote Files vkSj Directories dks nwljh txg j[kk tkrk gSA Local vkSj Remote machines esa Directory dks Change djuk Mouse click djus tSlk vklku gSA izk;% ,d File dks Local area ls Remote area esa ys tkus ds fy;s mls Drag djuk gksrk gSA

FTP client gedks vius Remote Web Space Area esa fdlh Hkh rjg dh File vkSj Directory dk uke Change o Delete djus dh Lohd`fr iznku djrk gSA

(1)  Filename: - Server ij Filename Case Sensitive gksrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd Capital Letter rFkk Small Letter ds Character eas vUrj gksrk gSA tSls & Index.Html

(2)  Transfer mode: - FTP ds lkFk Transfer djus ds fuEu 3 Modes gS &

   (A) Binary mode: - CGI Script ds vykok ;g T;knkrj lHkh Files ds fy;s use fd;s tkrs gSA Binary Mode Image Files ds fy;s vko”;d gS rFkk HTML Files ds fy;s Hkh vPNk jgrk gSA

   (B) ASCII Mode: - bldk lkekU;r% CGIScript dks Transmit djus esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ysfdu dsoy Plain Text dks gh Upload djus eas ASCII mode dk mi;ksx djrs gSA ;|fi ckn eas bleas Unique Shell ds }kjk cnyko dj ldrs gSA CGIScript file dk Extension CGI gksrk gS rFkk ;g file ASCII Transfer mode }kjk gh upload gksrh gSA

   (C) Auto Mode: - T;knkrj vk/kqfud FTP Client vius vki r; djrs gS vkSj izR;sd File dks Upload djus ds fy;s Better Mode use esa ysrs gSA Auto Mode dk use djuk T;knk lqjf{kr gSA

(3)  Permission: - CGI Script lgh vuqefr ds fy;s Set gksrk gSA T;knkrj vk/kqfud FTP, FTP Client }kjk vuqefr nsrs gS ;|fi dqN Client bl xq.k dks ugha j[krs gSA

(4)  Directory Structure: - Directory Structure le>us gsrq gesa Public HTML folder ds vUnj Web Root ls “kq: djuk gksxkA tc ge igyh ckj FTP dks Open djrs gS rks vius vki [kqyrs gh lkekU;r;k Directory dk Sub Folder open gksrk gSA gekjh Home directory esa E-mail vkSj Log ls Related vU; Files or Folder gksrs gS tks fd World Wide Web ds }kjk vfHkxe ;ksX; ugha gksrs gSA

Telnet Concept - Remote logging

Telnet ,d Internet Service gS tks Internet ij Other Computer ij Login djus dh Permission iznku djrk gS vFkkZr~ Telnet ,d ,slh Network Application gS tks ,d Computer dks Internet ij nwljs Computer ds lkFk Connect djrk gSA

tc Internet ls connected Computer ij ge dk;Z djrs gS rks ge ,d cgqr cMs Computer Networks ls tqM tkrs gS rFkk fdlh Hkh Other Computer, tks fd Network (Internet) ls tqMk gS] ds lkFk lwpuk dk vknku&iznku dj ldrs gSA ;g lHkh dke Internet ij Telnet Service }kjk miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA

Telnet dk use djrs gq, Host Computer ij login djus ds fy;s loZizFke Internet ls connection LFkkfir djuk gksrk gSA vkSj fQj Telnet ds }kjk vU; Computer dks IP Address ds }kjk connect djrs gSA tc gekjk dk;Z lekIr gks tkrk gS rks Host Computer ls Connection lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gSA

Remote Logging: - Telnet dks Remote Logging ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA Telnet Commands ds }kjk fdlh Hkh Remote Computer eas Login dj ldrs gS vkSj ,d nwljs computer ds ikl iwjk Data ;k Program Hksts fcuk Services vkSj Resources dks use djrs gSA

Telnet Session dks izkjEHk djus ds fy;s vius Computer ij Telnet Program dks run djds vkSj ml Site dk IP Address nsdj ;k Site dk Domain Name nsdj tqMrs gSA ,d ckj tc Connection establish gks tkrk gS rks Remote site ls Login name rFkk Password ls tqMrs gS ;k dqN ifjfLFkfr;kssa esa Domain name/ IP Address rFkk Port Number ls Connection LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh Sites Login ugh ekaxrhA tc Client dk Remote Site ds lkFk Connect establish gks tkrk gS rks Remote site Lor% Program dks Start dj nsrh gSA

Server ;k Remote System ds Connection dks lekIr (Terminate) djus ds fy;s ’Ctrl + ]’ keys dks nckuk gksrk gSA blls geas Telnet Prompt fn[kkbZ nsxk tks gekjs Computer ij Run gks jgs Telnet Program dk gksxkA vc blls ckgj vkus ds fy;s Quit command dk use fd;k tkrk gSA

Telnet> Quit

Connection closed

;gkaW ij Telnet> Prompt gSA

Terminal Emulation: -

,sls Computers tks Moniter ls 'kCn] vad okD;kas dks n”kkZ ldrs gks ijUrq Graphics dks ugha n”kkZ ldrs] rks os vius vki esa Terminal ds lkFk dke djus ds fy;s cuk, x, gSA tc fdlh Program dks fdlh Terminal dks dk;Z”khyrk iznku djuh gks rks Program rS;kj djuk iMrk gSA Terminal Emulation fdlh Hkh Terminal ;k client dh (Authority) ifjekf.krk dks Check djrk gSA blds eq[; dk;Z &

(1)  Client dks Server ls Connect djuk

(2)  Client dh Authority (ifjekf.krk) cheek djuk

(3)  Client dks Server ij Access nsuk

(4)  Password Change djukA

(5)  Server ls dqN E-mails ;k Files dks i<dj Delete djuk

(6)  Arrange Web Site files

Message Board

Message Board ,d ,slh Application gS tks fdlh Hkh Firm, Company ;k Organization eas fdlh Hkh Message ;k Information ds izlkj.k eas Use yh tkrh gSA Message Board ,slk eap iznku djrk gS ftl ij dksbZ Hkh vius fopkj O;Dr dj ldrk gSA Internet dh nqfu;k esa Message Board ,d ,slk l”kDr ek/;e gS ftlds }kjk ge vius fopkjkas dks fdlh fo"k; oLrq] O;fDr] oLrq vkfn ds ckjs esa O;Dr rFkk mUgs Internet ds ek/;e ls vU; yksxkas ds lkFk Share dj ldrs gS o fofHkUu fopkjksa dks ns[k Hkh ldrs gSA

tc ge fdlh Internet site, tks fd Message Board dh facility provide djrh gS] ij mifLFkr dbZ Options esa ls fdlh Option ds fy;s Message Board ij click djrs gS rks og mu lHkh Subjects dh List miyC/k djkrk gS ftu ij gesa vius fopkj O;Dr djus gS ;k nwljksa ds fopkjksa dks i< ldrs gSA Message Board dh Facility dbZ Internet sites ij miyC/k gSA tSls: - yahoo.com, hotmail.com Message Board nks izdkj ds gksrs gS &

1. Urgent MessageBoard

2. Normal Message Board

1. Urgent Message Board: - Urgent Message Board esa company ds Urgent Messages fn[kk;s tkrs gS ftUgas fd tYnh ls lkjs deZpkfj;ksa dks nsus gSA

2. Normal Message Board: - bleas Normal Messages dks Employees/Employers dks Transmit fd;k tkrk gS ftls user viuh lqfo/kk ds vuqlkj i< ldrk gSA

Internet Chatting – Voice Chat & Text Chat

Internet us iwjh nqfu;k dks ,d Global Village cuk fn;k gSA Internet us dbZ lqfo/kk;sa iznku dh buesa ls ,d Chatting Hkh gSA Chatting rqjUr Conmunication djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA Chatting ds }kjk ge nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh dksus eas cSBdj vius Friend ls Chat dj ldrs gSA tc ge fdlh Chatting Program dh lgk;rk ls Chatting djrs gS rks gekjs }kjk Type fd;k x;k Message mu lHkh Computers dh Screen ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks ml ckrphr ds lans”kks dk vknku&iznku dj jgs gSA Chatting ds fy;s dbZ Programs fofHkUu Sites ij miyC/k gksrs gS ftudks ge Internet ls Download dj ldrs gSA ex.- Yahoo Messanger, MSN Messanger

Chatting eas Information dk Synchronous Transamission blesa lHkh Hkkx ysus okys O;fDr;ksa dks rqjUr fd;k tkrk gS] muds chp esa le; vUrjky ugha gksrk gSA tcfd E-mail esa Asynchronous Transmission gksrk gSA Voice Mail eas Hkh lwpukvkas dk Asynchronous Transmission gksrk gSA Chatting nks izdkj dh gksrh gS &

(i)    Text Chatting

(ii) Voice Chatting

(i)  Text Chatting: - Text Chatting esa lqpukvksa dk vknku&iznku Text ds :i esa gksrk gSA blesa ,d User Message dks Text ds :i esa fy[kdj nqljs User, ftlls fd oks Chat dj jgk gS] Send dj nsrk gSA og Message nwljs user ds Computer ij Display gks tkrk gS vc nwljk user mldk Reply ns ldrk gSA Reply ds fy;s nksukas users Online gksus t#jh gSsA Chat program eas nks rjg dh Window gksrh gSA ,d Window esa Messages izkIr gksrs gS rFkk nwljs esa Messages dks Type djds send djrs gSA Internet ds ek/;e ls Message dk rqjUr vknku&iznku djuk gh Chatting dgykrk gSA

(ii)  Voice Chatting:- Voice Chatting ds fy;s ;g vko”;d gS fd tks nks Users vkil eas chatting djuk pkgrs gS muds ikl Head Phone o Sound Card gks] D;kasfd blesa Chatting djus okys O;fDr Messages dks Microphone dh lgk;rk ls Wave (Wav) file ds :i esa ifjofrZr djds vknku&iznku djrs gSA Mike ls tks Messages ge nwljs user dks nsuk pkgrs gS og Send gks tkrk gS rFkk Head Phone ls mldk Reply okil Message ds :i eas lqu tkrk gSA

Voice Chatting, Text Chatting ls vklku gS D;kasfd bleas Keyboard dk use ugha gksrk gSA nksuksa izdkj dh Chatting ds fy;s nksukas users dk bPNqd vkSj online gksuk t:jh gSA Text Chatting ds }kjk fdlh Hkh file dks Send dj ldrs gSA

Data Transmission: - Computers vkSj Terminals Non Return to Zero (NRZ) code ds }kjk ,d nwljs ds lkFk Conmunicate djrs gSA vr% Clocking communicatim esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA Computers ds chp rkyesy cukdj Data dks nks izdkj ls Transmit djrs gSA

1. Asynchronous Transmission: - bl Method ds }kjk ge Data dks Bytes eas foHkkftr dj ysrs gSA ,d Byte ,d character dks O;Dr djrh gSA izR;sd Byte ds lkFk Start rFkk Stop signals tqMs gksrs gSA tks nksukas Devices ds chp rkyesy cuk;s j[krs gSA igys Data izkIr djus okyh Device dks crk fn;k tkrk gS fd Data vk jgk gS vkSj fQj Data Send djus okyh Device Data Send djrh gS rkfd Data vkil esa Vdjkdj u"V uk gksA

2. Synchronous Transmission: - blesa Data Frames ds :i eas Hksts tkrs gSA ;s frames dbZ Bytes ls feydj cus gksrs gS rFkk izR;sd Byte ds chp eas dksbZ vUrjky ugha gksrk gS tSlk fd Asynchronous Transmission eas gksrk gSA Synchronous Transmission eas Receiver Frame dks Bytes esa foHkkftr djrk gS D;kasfd izR;sd Byte ,d Character dks O;Dr djrh gSA Synchronous Transmission dks Asynchronous Transmission ls vPNk ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd blesa Data dks ,d lkFk frame ds :i esa Hkstk tkrk gSA Synchronous Transmission tfVy rFkk egaxk gksrk gSA

tc nks Computers Network ij Information dk vknku&iznku dj jgs gksrs gS rks muds chp nks rjg dk Communication gks ldrk gS &

1. Connection Oriented: - bl Communication ds “kq# esa Computer vkSj Network ds chp dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gksrk gS nksukas gh Idle State esa gksrs gSA Computer ls Network ds ek/;e ls Communication djus ds fy;s igys Connection LFkkfir djuk gksrk gS] bls Handshaking dgrs gSA blds ckn Computer Data Send/ Receive djrk gSA Data Transfer iw.kZ gksus ds ckn Computer ml Connection dks lekIr dj okil viuh Idle voLFkk eas vk tkrk gSA

2. Connectionless: - bl rjg ds Network esa igys ls gh Idle fLFkfr esa ekStwn Computer ;k Network lh/ks Data Transfer djus yxrs gSA ;g Network T;knk Reliable ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa Data Flow Control, Error Recovery tSlh lqfo/kk,sa ugha gksrh gSA Connectionless Network dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k gS – E-mail ;k Letters dk vknku & iznkuA