Internet Concept Unit 2
UNIT – 2
WORLD WIDE WEB
History of www
Internet ls tqMs gq, lHkh Computers, Files (Document) dks i<us ds fy;s world wide web dks Architectural Framework dh rjg use djrs gSA World Wide Web dh “kq:vkr 1989 eas Tim Berner Lee us CERN (Central European Research Network) esa dh FkhA
World Wide Web ,d izdkj dk Database gS tks iwjs fo”o esa QSyk gqvk gSA dksbZ Hkh user blds ek/;e ls lqpukvksa dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA World Wide Web ls igys Internet dks lapkfyr djuk] lqpukvkas dkss izkIr ,oa use djuk vR;Ur dfBu FkkA lkjh Files dks Open rFkk Download djus ds fy;s dqN UNIX Skills (Commands) dk lgkjk ysuk iMrk FkkA www ds i”pkr~ Internet Surfing dkQh vklku gks xbZA
Www esa Electronic Web Pages cukrs gS tks fd Information dks Search djus ds dke esa vkrs gSA 80 ds n”kd esa HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) Programming language use esa vkus yxh tks fd web ij vk/kkfjr FkhA blls igys Webpages eas flQZ Text dk gh use gks ldrk FkkA HTML vkus ds ckn Text, Graphics, Sound, Animation bR;kfn dk mi;ksx gksus yxkA 1990 esa Internet dk fodkl rsth ls gksus yxkA vc Millions of Internet Server gks x;s ftueas ls dqN Information server vkSj dqN Service Server FksA eq[;r% vf/kdka”k Users www dk mi;ksx djus yxs D;ksafd www esa Graphics, Text, Sound, Animation rFkk Searching available gksrh gSA www Graphically Internet Server dks Access djus eas lgk;rk djrk gSA www dke eas ysus okys users Webpages dks Surf djrs gSA ,d Page ls nwljs Page ij tkus ds fy;s oks Hyperlink ij Click djrs gSA
www dk mi;ksx ge Communication ds fy;s djrs gSA World wide web dks ge www Hkh dgrs gSA web lkjh lwpuk Hyper Text Tranfer Protocol (HTTP) ds }kjk crkrh gSA
Home page ds }kjk dksbZ Hkh Organization ;k Company ;k O;fDr vius ckjs esa ;k fdlh mRikn ds ckjs eas tkudkjh nsrs gSA blds vykok Webpage gksrh gS ;g ,d world wide document gksrk gSA
Working of the web: - Web software Client Server Design dks /;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k tkrk gSA Web Client ,d Program gS tks Documents ds fy;s Server ij viuh Requests Hkstrk gS vkSj Web Server Hkh ,d Program gS tks Incoming Requests dks izkIr djds ekaxs x;s Documents dk fooj.k Client dks okil Hkstrk gSA
www rFkk HTTP dk mi;ksx ge fuEu dk;Z ds fy;s dj ldrs gS &
· ;g vkil esa lqpukvkas ds Link cukus ds dke vkrh gSA ;g Sound rFkk Graphics dk reference nsus ds Hkh dke vkrh gSA blls nwljs Internet Protocol dks Communicate Hkh dj ldrs gSA
· Internet, information dks ,d Server esa Documernt cukdj Prepare djrk gSA HTML Documents, Special Code Section Document gksrs gSA ;s Special Code Hyper Link gksrs gS ftudh lgk;rk ls ,d Page dks nwljs Page dks Connect fd;k tkrk gSA www Non-Linear gS vFkkZr~ bldk Top rFkk Bottom ugha gksrk] blesa ,d Link ls nwljs Link ij tk ldrs gSA blls ge Directory Resources dk use dj ldrs gS ijUrq mlds fy;s URL dk Address gksuk pkfg;sA blesa Particular Document ds fdlh Hkh Part ij Hkh tk ldrs gSA
Web Browsers & its Functions
Web Browsers ,d rjg dk Program ;k Software gS tks fd Internet ij miyC/k lkjh facilities o Resources dks User rFkk Internet ds chp Interface djrk gSA Browser dks Hkh ,d www Client vkSj universal Client dgrs gS D;kasfd ;g Hkh Client Server Principle ij vk/kkfjr gSA Browser functions Hkh Client Programs gksrs gSA Browser ds Rules user ds mij fuHkZj djrs gSA
1. Browser Web Server ls Connect gksrs gS vkSj Information dks Send djrs gSA
2. Browser Information dks Receive djds user ds computer ij Display djrk gSA
Web Browser Graphics and Text Base gksrs gSA ftlls Internet use djus okys vklkuh ls use dj ldsA Textbased Browser only Textual matter gh n”kkZrs gS tcfd Graphical Browser Graphics, Photograph, Multi media, Images rFkk links bR;kfn n”kkZrs gSA Browser Program dh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj Image dks display djrk gS] Sound dks lqukrk gS rFkk Animation dks Sequencewise Run djrk gSA tcfd TextBased Browsers Text dks n”kkZrs gS o Hyperlink dks Keyboard dh enn ls Access djkrs gSA eq[;r;k fuEu Browser gksrs gS &
1. Mosaic: - ;g GUI Based Browser gSA bls National Centre of Super Computing Application (NCSA) }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA bl Browser dks eq[;r% Window based OS ij pyk;k tk ldrk gSA ;g ,d Client Program gS tks TCP/ IP Network ds fy;s use fd;k tkrk gSA Mosaic igyk Web Browser software gSA
Functions of Mosaic: -
· blds }kjk lh/ks mu Resources rd igWaqp ldrs gS tks fd URL Address dks Represent djrs gSA
· Mosaic ds ek/;e ls ge vius Home Page ij vklkuh ls tk ldrs gSA
· Mosaic ds }kjk ge Usenet News i< ldrs gSA
· Mosaic ds }kjk E-mail send dj ldrs gSA
· bllss Document dks Reload o Current Document dks Hotlist ls Connect dj ldrs gSA
2. Lynx: - ;g ,d Text vk/kkfjr Browser Software gS tks fd Information dks Hyper Text Manner ls Internet ls izkIr djus esa iz;qDr gksrk gSA ;g Full Screen Program gS ftls vklkuh ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
Functions of Lynx: -
· Linux dk use webpage dks Full Screen ij ns[kus ds fy;s gksrk gSA
· bldk use nqckjk Previous copy ij tkus ds fy;s gksrk gSA
· Lynx ds ek/;e ls ge Next link ij Move dj ldrs gSA
· fdlh Special Text dks find djus ds fy;s Hkh bldk use fd;k tkrk gSA]
· bldk mi;ksx Current Link dks Select djus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Netscape Navigator: - ;g ,d cgq izpfyr World Wide Web Browser program gSA ;g Mosaic dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA blesa dqN special fo'ks"krk lekfgr gSA Netscape Navigator Graphical User Interface (GUI) based Browser gS tks gedks Window okrkoj.k iznku djrk gSA bldks Hkh Mosaic fuekZrkvkas }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA blesa igyk page, Home page dgykrk gSA
Functions of Netscape Navigator: -
§ vxj dksbZ Previous Document gS rks ml ij igWqpkus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
· Next Document o Starting Home page ij igqWpus ds fy;s Hkh bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA
· Current Document dks Reload djus rFkk word Searching ds fy;s Hkh use fd;k tkrk gSA
· Loading jksdus ds fy;s Hkh bldk use fd;k tkrk gSA
4. Microsoft Internet Explorer: - ;g Standalone Web Browser gSA tks Internet connec-tion ds lkFk dk;Z djrk gSA Internet Explorer dks ge Microsoft dh Website ls Hkh Download dj ldrs gSA tc ge Internet ls Connect gksrs gS rks Microsoft Homepage Lor% gh fcuk fdlh site dk fooj.k fn;s gq, display gks tkrk gSA vf/kdka”kr% Browser Home page dks Refer djrs gS ysfdu Internet Explorer start page dks Refer djrk gSA
dqN vU; Web Browser gS& Net Cruiser, CompuServe Mosaic, AOL, NCSA Mosaic, Net com, Spyglass Mosaic.
Concept of Search Engine
Search Engine ,d Program gS tks Webpage ds ek/;e ls Web sites <wa<us eas enn djrk gSA Search Engine mu Locations/ Addresses List dks iznf”kZr djrk gS tks gekjs Parameter/ Requirement ls feyrh&tqyrh gS vFkkZr~ Search Engine ,d izdkj dk Web Server gS tks fd Keyword ds lEcfU/kr Websites dks Search djds mudh list dks iznf”kZr djrk gSA ,d vklku rjhds ls Internet ij Data Search djus ds fy;s Search Engine dk use djrs gSA Search Engine ds }kjk fdlh Information dks izkIr djuk cgqr ljy gks x;k gSA fdlh Hkh ubZ Website dk URL address Search Engine ds ikl tek fd;k tkrk gS rFkk Web site ds Index page ij Keyword dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA dqN Search Engine dk ,d Fixed Format gksrk gS vkSj og vk”kk djrk gS fd ge nqckjk viuk Keyword Type djsaA nwljh rjQ dqN Search Engine flQZ URL dh ekax djrs gS rFkk Keyword Website ls ysrs gSA Website Developer vyx2 Subjects ls lacaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks Webpage ds ek/;e ls Link djrk gSA User viuh t:jr ds vuqlkj ml Subject dks Search Engine ds }kjk Search djrk gSA Some popular Search Engines are - www.yahoo.com, www.infoseek.com, www.hotmail.com, www.google.com, www.khoj.com
bu Search Engines ij ,d Text Box fn[kkbZ iMrk gS ftlds lkeus Search/ Go fy[kk gksrk gSA bl Box eas viuk Subject fy[k dj Search dks Click djus ij geas ml Subject ls Related tkudkjh okyk Webpage fey tkrk gSA
Searching the web: - World Wide Web ij vusd Pages jgrs gSA tSls2 www dk fodkl rsth ls c< jgk gS ;g vko”;d gks x;k gS fd vklkuh vkSj tYnh ls Webpage search djus ds fy;s Search Engine dk mi;ksx fd;k tk,A Search Engine ds Front End ij Index Database gksrk gS vkSj ftl Keyword dks [kkstuk gS mls Type djuk iMrk gSA fuEu izdkj ls web dks Search dj ldrs gS &
1. Searching Through A Directory: - Address Box esa www.yahoo.com Address Type djus ij yahoo website search gksdj Open gks tkrh gSA
2. Searching by Topic: - vf/kdrj Website dks Hierarchical laxfBr fd;k tkrk gS vFkkZr~ igys ,d Simple Subject ls 'kq:vkr gksrh gS vkSj fQj ml Subject ij cus Link ds ek/;e ls /khjs2s fo”ks"k fo"k;kas dks Search fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Searching by Keyword: - fdlh Hkh Website esa Searching ds fy;s dksbZ Page ;k Subject laxfBr lajpuk esa gS ;k ugh ;g crk ikuk eqf”dy gksrk gSA Yahoo Website search xq.k dks “kkfey j[krh gS tks gj Page ds Top esa fLFkr gksrk gSA
4. Searching ds fy;s ,d ;k T;knk Words dks Box eas Type djus gksrs gSA Box page ds Top esa cuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj Search Button ls searching djrs gSA
5. Searching using Search Engine: - Search Engine website ds ek/;e ls iwjs Internet dks Search djuk vR;Ur vklku gSA www.yahoo.com tSlh websites dk Structure Hirerachical gksrk gSA vf/kdka”k Search Engines ,d Single Webpage izkIr djrs gS ftls internet ij ykxw djuk vlaHko gksrk gS tcfd nwljh rjQ ge Sites dh list search djrs gSA ysfdu Search Engine vf/kdka”k ifj.kkeksa dks Border pool ds ek/;e ls okil dj nsrk gSA
Types of Search Engines &
1. General Search Engine: - General purpose Navigator os gS tks Internet o vU; Resources ij Searching djrs gSA ;s dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSA ;s fdlh fo”ks"k fo"k; ls lacaf/kr {ks= ij Searching djrs gSA mnkgj.k & altavista.com, exite.com, infoseek.com, lycos.com etc.
2. Uniform Meta Search Engine: - ;g fo”ks"k izdkj dk Navigator gS tks vU; Search Engines dks Search djrk gSA bUgsa T;knkrj Meta Search Engine dgrs gSA ;g vfrfo”kky {kS= eas Search djrk gSA
3. Multi Form Meta Search Engine: - vU; izdkj dk Meta Search Engine gS tks fd tfVy vkSj Other Search Engines ds fy;s Multiple site ls “kq# gksrk gS rFkk dzec):i ls ,d ds ckn ,d Navigater esa Searching djrk gSA
4. Geographic Focus Navigators: - ;s Navigators fdlh Countary, City bR;kfn eas Searching djrs gSA ;s fo”ks"k LFkkuksa dks n”kkZrs gSA
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
;g ,d ,slk protocol gS tks eq[;r% www ls Data Access djus esa dke vkrk gSA ;g Protocol Data dks Simple Text, Audio, Video ds form esa gLrkukarfjr djrk gSA bl izdkj HTTP dh dk;Z{kerk gedks Hyper Text envirment okrkoj.k eas vf/kd lqfo/kk iznku djrh gSA ge ,d Document ls nwljs Document ij vklkuh mldh lgk;rk ls vklkuh ls tk ldrs gSA HTTP Hkh Software dk Set of Rules gS] tks fd Hyper Text dks ,d Computer ls nwljs computer esa Transfer djrk gSA Hyper Text esa Special Type dh Coding use eas yh tkrh gS ftls HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) dgrs gSA
Hyper Text ds }kjk Text ,d Structure ds :i esa fy[ks gksrs gSA HTML code Links dks cukrk gSA ;s Links Text rFkk Graphics nksukas gks ldrs gSA T;kasfg ge Link ij click djrs gS rks nwljk Resource tSls fd HTML Document open gks tkrk gS ftlds vUrxZr Text file Hkh gks ldrh gS vkSj Graphics file Hkh gks ldrh gS blds vykok Animation o Sound Hkh gks ldrs gSA
HTTP Hkh Client Server Principle ij dk;Z djrk gSA HTTP allow djrk gS fd tc Client fdlh Hkh Server ls Request dks djrk gS rks Server ml Reqest dks HTTP }kjk Identify djrk gS rFkk Client }kjk Hksth xbZ Request dks Resources rd igqWpkrk gS vkSj Server dh lkjh lwpuk,sa Client dks nsrk gSA
lkekU;r% HyperText Blue colour ds vkSj Blue Underlined gksrs gSA tc Hkh ge Mouse Pointer dks Link ds mij ys tkrs gS rks Pointer dk vkdkj cnydj Hand Shape esa Change gks tkrk gSA HTTP Hkh nwljs Protocols tSls FTP, SMTP, NNTP, WAIS , Gopher etc. dks support djrk gSA
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
fdlh Hkh Website dks ns[kus ds fy;s gesa Browser ds Address Bar eas ml Website ;k Webpage dk Address Type djuk iMrk gSA ml web Page dk ;g Address gh URL Address gksrk gS] bls Uniform Resource Locater (URL) dgk tkrk gSA URL dk Address “http” ls 'kq: gksrk gS vFkkZr~ Web address dk uke Protocol ds uke ls 'kq: gksrk gSA ;g ,d rjhdk gS ftldh ek/;e ls ge Webpage dh lkjh lqpukvkas ls tqM ldrs gSA vf/kdka”kr% ;g Protocol HTTP gksrk gS bl Protocols dks “http://” }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk blds ckn okys address dks site Subdomains domain }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
blds i”pkr~ ge ,d colon (:) vkSj ,d Port Number ftlesa fd Folder list o Directory ds uke gksrs gS tks fd djrs gS ftldk File extension HTML gksrk gSA HTML Primany document gS tks fd Web ij miyC/k gksrk gSA gekjs Browser dks fdl Server ls tqMuk gS rFkk dkSulh lwpuk izkIr djuh gS ;g lkjh tkudkjh URL }kjk nh tkrh gSA izR;sd izdkj dh Internet lqfo/kk dk viuk ,d vyx Port number gksrk gS ;|fi gesa URL eas Port number type djuk iMrk gSA ;fn Default Port number ml Service ds fy;s ugha gS rks Default Port number dks type ugha djsaxs rc URL Lo;a gh Port number ys ysxkA nks Computers ds chp Logical Connection dks Port dgrs gSA ;g Logical Connection ,d Number ds }kjk LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS ftls Port Number dgrs gSA vFkkZr~ Port number og number gS ftlds }kjk Host (Server), Client ds }kjk dh x;h Request dks igpkurk gSA bl izdkj URL }kjk fdlh websites dk ge mi;ksx djrs gSA
Web Servers
Web Server, Web Browser dks Webpage vkSj Websites miyC/k djkus eas vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA ;g ,d rjg dh rduhd gS rks User dks vkSj Internet dks ,d nwljs ls tksMrh gSA dbZ companies dk Lo;a dk Web server gS tcfd dqN Companies, Internet Access company ls Web server fdjk;s ij ysrh gSA fcuk Server ds dksbZ Webpage/ WebSite ugha gks ldrhA
Web Server dk ;g mn~ns”; gksrk gS fd Home Page dks Web Browser dks Deliver djs tc fd Browser bldh ekax djs vFkkZr~ Internet ij HTML Page dks Display djus ls igys Web Server ls Relation LFkkfir djs vkSj tc Browser ;k Client Request djs rks Web Server ds Hardware vkSj Software feydj ml Request dks iwjk djsA bl izdkj ;g HTML Page dks Run djrk gSA
Windows Based Web Servers: -
1. Commerce Buider
2. Emwac HTTP
3. Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS)
4. Natscape Fast Track Server
5. Netscape Enterprise server
6. Open Market Secure Web Server
Concept of Web Publishing
gekjs ikl tks Documents Store gksrs gS mUgsa HTML eas ifjofrZr djus ds fy;s cgqr lkjs fodYi gSA Web Publisher bu fofHkUu Text Formats dks HTML esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA Web Publisher MS-Excel, MS-PowerPoint etc. applications dh files dks HTML files eas ifjofrZr djus ds vykok fuEu dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA
1. File dks Batch (Group) esa Execute djrk gSA
2. Buttons dk fuek.kZ djrk gS rkfd ,d HTML Page ls nwljs HTML Page ij vklkuh ls igqWpk tk ldsA
3. Graphical Images dks GIF Format eas ifjofrZr djrk gSA
4. Existing Tables esa Links cukrk gSA
Domain Name Registration
tc fdlh O;fDr ;k Company dks viuh WebSite Internet ij iznf”kZr djuh gks rks mlds fy;s loZizFke ml Person/ Company dks WebSite dk Domain Name Register djokuk iMrk gS tks fd ;g n”kkZrk gS fd og Site fdl izdkj dh WebSite gSA
Domain Name Registration dh Service cgqr ls ISP (Internet Service Provider), Web Hosting Services rFkk Registration Services }kjk Provide dh tkrh gSA fdlh Hkh user ;k company dks viuh WebSite Internet ij iznf”kZr djus ds fy;s Domain Name Registration djkuk iMrk gSA Domain Name Registration dh lqfo/kk InterNIC }kjk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA InterNIC dk dk;Z gekjh Website dks Register djuk vkSj WebSite Location miyC/k djkuk gSA ysfdu ;g gekjs mij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ge fdl Company dks Select djsaA Registration Service ds fy;s Cost nsuh iMrh gSA Domain Name Registration djokrs le; fuEu ckrkas dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s &
(i) Registration Costing
(ii) Disk Storage Space
(iii) Other Technical Support by ISP
(iv) Free Limit lekIr gks tkus ds ckn izfr MB LFkku izkIr djus ds fy;s Payment
(v) Security for WebSite rkfd Unauthorise O;fDr ml Information dks Access u dj ldsA
Domain Name Registration Method
Domain Name Registration ds fy;s ml Company ds ek/;e ls] tks fd Server ij Space miyC/k djk jgh gS] viuh Site dks Register djkuk gksrk gSA tc dksbZ User viuh WebSite dks fdlh Company ds ek/;e ls Register djkrk gS rks mls Registration Cost vnk djuh iMrh gSA
WebSite Registration dk dk;Z 24 ls 72 ?k.Vs eas iwjk gksrk gSA ftldh lwpuk E-mail }kjk nh tkrh gSA Domain Name Registration Cost dk Hkqxrku miHkksDrk ds Credit Card Number ds }kjk Hkh gks ldrk gSA WebSite Register gks tkus ds i”pkr ge viuh Files dks Company Server ij FTP ;k vU; Tools dh lgk;rk ls Hkst ldrs gSA tc ,d ckj Files Server ij Store gks tkrh gS rc og gekjs Domain Name dh lgk;rk ls Internet ij miyC/k gks tkrh gSA dqN Domain Names bl izdkj gS -
com - Commercial & Personal Sites
net - Infrastructral Company (Network)
org - Organization
edu - Education
mil - Military (US only)
gov - Government
Space on Host Server for web site (Web Hosting)
Web Hosting ,d ,slh Service gS ftl ij fofHkUu Companies vius Server ij miHkksDrkvkas ds fy;s LFkku (Space) miyC/k djkrh gSA ftl Server ij ;g LFkku miyC/k gksrk gS mls Host Server dgrs gSA Company Host Server ij Space miyC/k djkus ds fy;s miHkksDrk ls dqN ewY; izkIr djrh gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ;k Company tks bl Service dk use djuk pkgrs gS dks bl ckr dk fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg;s fd tks company gesa Server ij Space provide djok jgh gS og geas fdruk Disk Space Provide djk jgh gS rFkk mlds lkFk dkSu dkSuls Technical Supports miyC/k gSA ge viuh ,d ckj sites Registration djk ysus ds ckn Files Host Server ij Store dj nsrs gSA vc Internet ds ek/;e ls Site dks Access dj ldrs gSA
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